SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION

 EVERYTHING IS THEORETICALLY IMPOSSIBLE, UNTIL IT IS DONE.

Thousands of years ago, our explanations about how the world worked were not very good. Things we couldn't understand were attributed to praise or vengeance from gods, or thinking the world was random. Thanks to science, we have a much better idea about why things are the way they are. By this article I would like to present about simple discussion about scientific explanation and examples. 

Science is about empirical knowledge. Philosophy is also about a priori knowledge. Science is about descriptive facts, philosophy is also about normative truths. Science is about physical objects, philosophy is also about abstract objects. Science always depends on observations but we can see the science through philosophy, we build questions, find evidences and become to decisions.

In short Science is about empirical knowledge; philosophy is also about a priori knowledge.

WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION?

Scientific explanation is a reason for something on the principles of science. Most time scientific explanation uses observations and measurements to explain something people see in the natural world. A scientific explanation is a way of explaining something we see in the natural world that's based on observations and measurements. We evaluate scientific explanations by comparing it to the current evidence and looking at what predictions it makes about the world. 

A scientific explanation is a way of explaining something we see in the natural world that's based on observations and measurements.

EXPLANATION AND CONFIRMATION?

Explanation is a statement or account that makes something clear. 

A statement made to clarify something and make it understandable.

Conformation is the shape or structure of something, especially an animal. Confirmation is verification or final proof of something. Confirmation involves providing reasons to believe that (or evidence that) certain claims (specifically, scientific theories) are true an explanation is that which is being explained, and the explanting of an explanation is that which does the explaining. Confirmation Involves providing reasons to believe that certain claims (specifically, scientific theories) are true. Explanation involves answering questions like “Why (or how) is it the case that X?, where “X” is assumed to be true (in the context C in which the question is asked). Mainly explanation involves answering questions, but confirmation involves providing reasons to believe that certain claims. In contemporary philosophy, confirmation theory can be roughly described as the area where efforts have been made to take up the challenge of defining plausible models of non-deductive reasoning.

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION EXAMPLES

We have good, scientific explanations for most of what we see in the natural world. For example, why do objects fall to the ground? Well, there is a force called gravity that attracts every object in the universe to every other object.

The scientific theory says that bigger objects produce larger forces of gravity, and that the closer two objects are together the larger the force of gravity. The earth's gravity is really easy to observe because the earth is huge, and it's nearby.

Another example of a scientific explanation is the answer to the common question, 'Why is the sky blue?' It's all about light scattering. We receive white light from the sun, and that light fills the earth's atmosphere. Most of the light that passes overhead keeps going and doesn't reach our eyes at all. But some of it is scattered by the air molecules and bounces into our eyes. Blue light scatters more than any other color, so the sky appears blue to us.

Both of these are scientific explanations because they use all the observations and data we humans have collected. But, let's talk about how we evaluate scientific explanations - how we figure out whether a scientific explanation is a good one or not. 

Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experiment. A scientific explanation uses observations and measurements to explain something we see in the natural world. Scientific explanations should match the evidence and be logical, or they should at least match as much of the evidence as possible.

Dinesh Shiwantha Wanigathunga

dineshshiwantha@gmail.com

Sexism

 SEXISM: SEE IT. NAME IT. STOP IT.

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination against a person or group based on their sex or gender. It primarily affects women and girls, and it is the root cause of gender inequity worldwide. Sexism is any expression (act, word, image, gesture) based on the idea that some persons, most often women, are inferior because of their sex. By this article I would like to present about simple discussion about Sexism and Gender equality in a relationship.

Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.

Gender inequality is a social process in which men and women are treated differently. Treatment may stem from differences in biological, psychological, or cultural norms that are popular in society. Some of these differences are based on experience, while others seem to be socially constructed.

Gender Streotypes

A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by, women and men. A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits women’s and men’s capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and/or make choices about their lives.

A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by, women and men. A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits women’s and men’s capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers, and/or make choices about their lives.

Modern sexism

Modern Sexism represents a contemporary form of sexism based not on a belief in female inferiority, but rather on resentment or hostility towards working women themselves. 

Neosexism

Neosexism is defined as the “manifestation of a conflict between egalitarian values and residual negative feelings toward women”

By considering gender-related policy is- sues, the Neosexism scale allows respondents to express sexist attitudes without necessarily admitting that they believe that women are inferior to men. In short, the Neosexism scale appears to be a sensitive measure of modern prejudices based on gender.

Ambivalent sexism

Ambivalent sexism is a theoretical framework which posits that sexism has two sub-components: "hostile sexism" and "benevolent sexism"

Ambivalent sexism is a theoretical framework which posits that sexism has two sub-components: "hostile sexism" and "benevolent sexism". Hostile sexism reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about a gender.

GENDER EQUALITY IN A RELATIONSHIP

In the gender literature, we often come across two concepts: ‘gender equality' and ‘gender equity'. They are sometimes used interchangeably, but they do not quite refer to the same thing. Gender equality requires equal enjoyment by women and men of socially valued goods, opportunities, resources and rewards. And gender equity is the process of being fair to women and men. Women and men are an equal being in a relationship. It’s important to communicate regularly about the balance in the relationship, especially if one of you is unhappy or uncomfortable. Women are not house pets, and society has the wrong idea of qualities of genres. There are women that are more stronger, rational, and are more protectors than some men.

Equality can mean different things to different partners. What matters is how you and your partner define it for your relationship. It’s important to communicate regularly about the balance in your relationship, especially if one of you is unhappy or uncomfortable. In a relationship, communication is very important. It doesn’t matter the situations, communications are primal. Why does equality even matter, you might ask? Well, we know that in an abusive relationship, one partner maintains power and control over the other. This type of relationship is extremely unbalanced and unequal. By learning more about how to create equality in a relationship, we can end abuse and build healthier relationships.

Sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender.

Dinesh Shiwantha Wanigathunga

dineshshiwantha@gmail.com

 

Race, Ethnicity and Cultuer

 We live in a culture full of hares; but the tortoise always wins.

Race includes phenotypic characteristics such as skin color, whereas ethnicity also encompasses cultural factors such as nationality, tribal affiliation, religion, language and traditions of a particular group. By this article I would like to present about simple discussion about race, ethnicity and culture. 

Race and ethnicity are used to categorize certain sections of the population. In basic terms, race describes physical traits, and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Race may also be identified as something you inherit while ethnicity is something you learn.

What is race?

Race is a term social construct that artificially divides people into distinct groups based on certain characteristics. Race is a term social construct that artificially divides people into distinct groups based on certain characteristics. The idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences. Race is a powerful social category forged historically through oppression, slavery, and conquest.

The social meaning of race and caste as pathways to employment, health, or education demonstrably overwhelms the analytic and explanatory power of genetic markers of difference between human aggregates.

Racial Diversity

According to Wikipedia Racial diversity in United States schools is the representation of different racial or ethnic groups in American schools:

 

Socaial Darwinism

According to social Darwinism, the biological concepts of natural selection, and the survival of the fittest in the environment also applicable to the human race, sociology as well.

Social Darwinism, the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature.

What is Raacism?

Racism can be defined as beliefs, attitudes, and acts that denigrate or disadvantage individuals or groups because of presumed racial or ethnic group affiliation.  The belief that different nations of the world have different characteristics, abilities, or reasons for distinguishing their status from inferior or superior to each other.

Culture

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group.

Culture Development is good or not?

Cultural Development refers to the strategic planning and implementing of strategies to leverage your community's unique cultural assets for the economic and cultural benefit of the community as a whole. Therefore I think culture development is good.

A strong and free culture can ensure the primary rights, freedom and important in continuing peace among the society. A well-built and developed culture reflects the unity in a particular society or a country hence such development can be considered as good.

Ethnicity

An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion or social treatment within their residing area.

Ethnicity is a broader term than race. The term is used to categorize groups of people according to their cultural expression and identification. Commonalities such as racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin may be used to describe someone's ethnicity.

And also we can simply explain ethnicity as fallows, how to live a good life, our rights and responsibilities, the language of right and wrong, and moral decisions

Belonging to or belonging to a social group with a common collective national or cultural tradition. This situation often affects the culture.

Ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics concerned with the good for individuals and society and also described as moral philosophy. Ethics about something or someone other than ourselves and our own desires a self-interests, so that's why the ethics be the base of a culture. Ethics can be described as the source of a group strength, Because of the view of a social group, if they this is wrong, all group members fallow that as a wrong .not only that there is a conflict between followers and the unfollowers of that moral. This is the base of cultural differences.

Dinesh Shiwantha Wanigathunga

dineshshiwantha@gmail.com

Ethics & Happiness

Happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected 

The philosophy of happiness is the philosophical concern with the existence, nature, and attainment of happiness. Some philosophers believe happiness can be understood as the moral goal of life or as an aspect of chance; indeed, in most European languages the term happiness is synonymous with luck. By this article I would like to present about simple discussion about ethics, and after that three types of ethics, practical ethics and at the final I would like to present about happiness.

According to Aristotle, happiness consists in achieving, through the course of a whole lifetime, all the goods health, wealth, knowledge, friends, etc.  that lead to the perfection of human nature and to the enrichment of human life. Happiness is an emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfillment. While happiness has many different definitions, it is often described as involving positive emotions and life satisfaction.

What is ethics?

Ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Ethics is concerned with questions of how people ought to act, and the search for a definition of right conduct and the good life. In philosophy, Ethics is a studies the rightness or wrongness of a human action.

Types of Ethics

Ethics is defined as a moral philosophy or code of conduct followed by an individual or group of people.

• Deontological Ethics

In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action.

Deontology is a theory that suggests actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. Actions that obey these rules are ethical, while actions that do not, are not. This ethical theory is most closely associated with German philosopher, Immanuel Kant:

                                                                Immanuel Kant

• Teleological ethics

Consequentialism is a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome.

• virtue-based ethics

Virtue ethics is a philosophy developed by Aristotle and other ancient Greeks. This character-based approach to morality assumes that we acquire virtue through practice. By practicing being honest, brave, just, generous, and so on, a person develops an honorable and moral character.

Practical Ethics

Practical ethics is meant to concern substantive moral issues facing many of us each day, such as abortion or climate change. The subject of normative or theoretical ethics is the more abstract principles that might enable us to make decisions about these practical issues.

Practical Ethics by Peter Singer

Happiness😀😀😀

What is happiness?

Happiness is a sense of well-being, joy, or contentment. When people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel happiness. Happiness is generally linked to experiencing more positive feelings than negative. Perfect happiness, enlightenment, comes when you have all. Happiness is when your life fulfills your needs. In other words, happiness comes when you feel satisfied and fulfilled. Happiness is a feeling of contentment that life is just as it should be. Perfect happiness, enlightenment, comes when you have all of your needs satisfied.

Interinsic value

If something has intrinsic value, it is good on its own and isn't utilized for attaining anything else. An example of an intrinsic value would in fact be happiness, since being happy is worthy on its own, not because happiness will attain something greater or different.

Why does happiness have intrinsic value?

Because our nature has a capacity for it, and because every practical action, in some way, works toward it, happiness has intrinsic value. Happiness involves not only psychic development (valuing the right things, feeling right toward good things, being motivated to act). It also includes external goods and moral luck different.

In conclusion, happiness can most certainly be found and not just momentary pleasure, but genuine, long-lasting happiness, which is not something that comes to a person randomly.

Dinesh Shiwantha Wanigathunga

dineshshiwantha@gmail.com